While Australia is one of the world's richest countries, many of its Indigenous peoples live in poverty. This paper seeks to elucidate some avenues for addressing poverty in remote Indigenous Australia via appropriate pro-poor growth strategies. It engages robustly with the dominant Indigenous policy approach that promulgates a view that Indigenous economic development can only be achieved via mainstreaming, and presents an alternative livelihoods approach. (First published in Development Bulletin No. 72, March 2007.)