This monograph presents a rigorous quantitative assessment, against normative criteria, of the housing requirements of Indigenous people, and in doing so makes an important contribution to knowledge about the interrelationship between environmental health and economic status. This work provides, for the first time, national estimates of the housing need of Indigenous Australians, the regional variations between States and Territories and the 36 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission regional councils. It also provides a measure of their relative need compared to the non-Indigenous population, as well as the change over time between 1986 and 1991 with intercensal analysis. It will thus be an essential document for all policy makers and program managers in the housing arena at Commonwealth, State and Territory, regional and local levels, providing a baseline from which to assess Indigenous housing need and a guide to resource allocation.